Volume 14, Issue 54 (Winter 2026)
serd 2026, 14(54): 93-110 |
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Hajializadeh J. Effects of Tourism Entrepreneurship on the Viability of Rural Households: A Case Study of North Banajoui Rural District, Bonab County (IRAN). serd 2026; 14 (54) : 6
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4082-en.html
URL: http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-1-4082-en.html
Department of Geography Education, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran , j.hajalizadeh@cfu.ac.ir
Abstract: (777 Views)
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on the viability of rural households in the North Banajoi Rural District of Bonab County (North West of IRAN).
Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in the northern Banajoi rural district of Bonab city. According to the results of the 2016 census, 3828 households, equal to 12262 people, live in this rural district, and 349 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The data and information of the study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts and professors. Also, its reliability using the Cochran formula was found to be 0.79 for the tourism entrepreneurship component, 0.77 for the sustainability component, and 0.78 for the entire questionnaire. In order to analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the status of tourism entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.121, and the status of rural household viability, with an average of 3.223, are in a desirable state. The results of the multivariate regression analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural household viability showed that the economic index had the greatest impact on rural household viability, with a beta coefficient of 0.376. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the value of the obtained correlation coefficient was equal to 0.376, which indicates a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and rural household viability.
Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and the viability of rural households, so that by providing a platform for entrepreneurship and improving tourism economic indicators, the viability indicators of rural households will also improve.
Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its method. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in the northern Banajoi rural district of Bonab city. According to the results of the 2016 census, 3828 households, equal to 12262 people, live in this rural district, and 349 people were selected as a sample using the Cochran formula. The data and information of the study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, the face and content validity of which was confirmed using the opinions of relevant experts and professors. Also, its reliability using the Cochran formula was found to be 0.79 for the tourism entrepreneurship component, 0.77 for the sustainability component, and 0.78 for the entire questionnaire. In order to analyze the research findings, one-sample t-test, multivariate regression analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used.
Results: The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the status of tourism entrepreneurship, with an average of 3.121, and the status of rural household viability, with an average of 3.223, are in a desirable state. The results of the multivariate regression analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural household viability showed that the economic index had the greatest impact on rural household viability, with a beta coefficient of 0.376. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that the value of the obtained correlation coefficient was equal to 0.376, which indicates a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and rural household viability.
Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between tourism entrepreneurship and the viability of rural households, so that by providing a platform for entrepreneurship and improving tourism economic indicators, the viability indicators of rural households will also improve.
Article number: 6
References
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2. Akhoundi Ghahrudi, M., Nazari, A., Rostami, Sh., & Salahi Esfahani, G. (2019). Spatial Analysis of Economic Viability in Rural Settlements of Rey County. Journal of Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 9 (2), 245-265. (in Persian)
3. Akrivos, C., Reklitis, P., & Theodoroyiani, M. (2024). Tourism entrepreneurship and the adoption of sustainable resources. The case of Evritania prefecture. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 378–382.
4. Aguzman, G., Pratiwi, Ch, P., Eni, Y., Sasongko, A.H. (2024). The Influence of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation on the Sustainability of Tourism Vilages Through Community Empowerment. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 10 (3), 488-497.
5. Babaei, M. H., Afsharzadeh, N., Ghasemi, J., & Karimian, N. (2013). Analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural development: a case study of rural areas of Rijab district in Kermanshah province, Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 2 (3), 89-111. (in Persian)
6. Bertella, G. (2017). From Sharecroppers to “Flying Farmers”: New Forms of Tourism Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas. E-Review of Tourism Research, 14(3), 133–148.
7. Bigdali, A., Einali, J., Rabet, A., & Abbasi, F. (2018). Evaluating the effects of second home tourism on the quality of life of permanent residents - Case study: Saeedabad rural district, Ejroud city. Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(1), 199-216. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_540512.html
8. Bohorquez, N. G., Stafford, L., Malatzky, C., McPhail, S. M., Selim, S. M., & Kularatna, S. (2023). Disability, equity, and measurements of livability: a scoping review. Disability and Health Journal, 4(8),1-14.
9. Cunha, C., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M.J. (2020). Entrepreneurs in rural tourism: Do lifestyle motivations contribute to management practices that enhance sustainable entrepreneurial. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, (44),215-226.
10. Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & GonzálezRodríguez, M. R. (2020). Transforming local knowledge into lifestyle entrepreneur’s innovativeness: Exploring the linear and quadratic relationships. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–17.
11. Dias, A., & Silva, G.M. (2021). Lifestyle Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Rural Areas: The Case of Tourism Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 31(4), 40–49.
12. Falter, M. (2023). The role of rural tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in rethinking current tourism development. Tourism Futures, 5,1-17.
13. Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 1–12.
14. Hosseini Kahnouj, S. R., & Sejasi Qaidari, H. (2014), Identifying key players in the rural tourism entrepreneurial ecosystem and strategic analysis of their behavior patterns using a futures research approach. Journal of Geography and Development, (75), 1-26. (in Persian)
15. Jaman. M. & Alam, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a Driving Force for Rural Tourism Development. Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(3), 254-263.
16. Jamini, D., Nazari, H., Saydaei, S. E., & Barki, H. (2013), Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in nomadic territories of Iran, a case study of Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Nomadic Territory Planning Studies, 3 (2), 61-76. (in Persian)
17. Juanwen, Y., Quanxin, W., & Jinlong, L. (2012). Understanding indigenous knowledge in sustainable management of natural resources in China: Taking two villages from Guizhou Province as a case. Forest policy and economics, 22, 47-52. https://ir.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008127346.pdf
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21. Khorasani, M. A., Rezvani, M.R., Motiei Langroodi, S. H., & Rafiian, M. (2012). Measuring and evaluating the livability of peri-urban villages (case study: Varamin County). Rural Research, 3(4), 79-104 (in Persian).
22. Khoshnoud Bakhtiari, Y., Jahandar Malekabadi, N. (2018), The Importance of Promoting Entrepreneurship in the Sustainable Tourism Industry. Fourth International Conference on Research in Science and Technology, St. Petersburg, Russia, August 27. (in Persian)
23. Lebambo, M. (2019). The role of entrepreneurial policies in developing rural tourism entrepreneurship in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (3), 1-21.
24. Litman, T. (2011). Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators.Victoria, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
25. López, M., Cazorla, A., & Panta, M. P. (2019). Rural entrepreneurship strategies: Empirical experience in the northern sub-plateau of Spain. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11, 5, 1-13.
26. Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H., & Backman, M. (2023). The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 787–798.
27. Marcouiller, D. W. (2019). Cultural Tourism and Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of a Scandinavian Literary Festival. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 11(3), 509– 524.
28. Martino, N., Girling, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Urban form and livability: socioeconomic and built environment indicators. Buildings and cities, 2(1),1-18.
29. Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad (2011) Entrepreneurship and Environmental Factors Affecting It, Journal of Management Culture, 2 (2), 112-77. (in Persian)
30. Momeni, Ahmad., Jahanshiri, M., & Azmi, A. (2019), Effects of good governance on the livability of peri-urban settlements in Adaran, Journal of Peri-urban Space Development, 2 (1), 193-205. (in Persian)
31. Mirfakhraldini, F. A., & Bahadori, S. R. (2014). Stakeholder Participation Model in Tourism Entrepreneurship Development in Yazd City, Journal of Spatial Geography and Tourism, 13 (50), 1-19. (in Persian)
32. Nemadzem Esmailpour, A., Shahvardi, H., Rumiani, A., & Chehrazi, E. (2018). Prioritizing rural areas based on rural livability indicators. Case study: Slum area, Khorramabad city. Human Settlement Planning Studies (Geographical Perspective). 13(4), 971-988. (in Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/176078/fa
33. Nazari Sarmazeh, H., & Saydaei, S.E. (2022). Analysis of the fundamental factors affecting the development of tourism entrepreneurship using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets, case study of Kohrang County. Journal of Geography and Planning, 25 (77), 261-276. (in Persian)
34. Nazari, H., & Saydaei, S. E. (2019). Analysis of the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in Kohrang County using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets. Journal of Environmental Risks, (1), 97-111. (in Persian)
36. Olalekan, O.O. (2024). Rural Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sustainable Rural Development (IJSRD), 1(1), 1-6.
37. Pan, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship of farmers on agriculture and rural economic growth: Innovation-driven perspective. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 1-14.
38. Rafiei, S., Monshizadeh, R., & Meridsadat, P. (2012). Explaining the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship: a case study of Soltaniyeh-Katalekhor Cave tourism axis. Journal of Earth Science Research, 13 (51), 139-158. (in Persian)
39. Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Pourtaheri, M., & Talebi Fard, R. (2018). The role of rural housing retrofitting in the livability of villages (case study: Mehrouieh Rural District). Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(3). 543-556. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_545182.html
40. Roozbahani, A., Moradi, H., & Abbasi, H. (2013). Analysis of the Spatial Reconstruction Capability of Tourism Entrepreneurship in the Development of Rural Areas, Case Study of Saman District, Malayer County. Journal of Geography and Development, 70, 27-51. (in Persian)
41. Seal, M. (2018). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship as A Mechanism for Rural Devlopment: A Case Study on Anegundi, Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 4(5), 67-80.
42. Sejasi, Q., Sadeghloo, T., & Mahmoudi. (2019). Ranking of villages based on livability indicators: a case study of Nizamabad village, Azadshahr city. Journal of Human Geography Research, 51 (1), 129-144. (in Persian)
43. Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China? Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-13,
44. Utami, D.D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y.D. (2023). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review on Resources and Challenges, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 12 (4), 1322-1344.
45. Yachin, J. M. & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making Do” in Rural Tourism: The Resourcing Behaviour of Tourism Micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003– 1021.
45. Murphy, B. (2010). Community well-being: An overview of the concept. NWMO. http://nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1681_researchsupportprogram_communitywellbeingoverview. Pdf
46. Zahiri, M., Karimzadeh, H., & Hosseini, Sh. N. (2013). Designing a model of factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship with a meta-analytic approach. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 13 (50),123-150. (in Persian) http://serd.khu.ac.ir/articl1-4038-fa.html
47. Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2022). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities.
48. Zeng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Ch., & Yang, X. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism: The interaction between tourism enterprise and community, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 429-440.
49. Khalilzadeh, J., Kromidha, E., & Taheri, B. (2025). Anatomy of a CSR discourse system: Entrepreneurship and tourism domains, Tourism Management, 110, 1-16.
50. Ahmadpour Dariani, M., Dehghani, M. R., Imanipour, N., & Zia, B. (2018). Analyzing the role of regional advantages in creating new businesses. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 11(4), 601-619. (in Persian) https://jed.ut.ac.ir/article_70383.html
51. Akhoundi Ghahrudi, M., Nazari, A., Rostami, Sh., & Salahi Esfahani, G. (2019). Spatial Analysis of Economic Viability in Rural Settlements of Rey County. Journal of Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 9 (2), 245-265. (in Persian)
52. Akrivos, C., Reklitis, P., & Theodoroyiani, M. (2024). Tourism entrepreneurship and the adoption of sustainable resources. The case of Evritania prefecture. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 378–382.
53. Aguzman, G., Pratiwi, Ch, P., Eni, Y., Sasongko, A.H. (2024). The Influence of Social Entrepreneurship Orientation on the Sustainability of Tourism Vilages Through Community Empowerment. Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 10 (3), 488-497.
54. Babaei, M. H., Afsharzadeh, N., Ghasemi, J., & Karimian, N. (2013). Analysis of the effects of tourism entrepreneurship on rural development: a case study of rural areas of Rijab district in Kermanshah province, Journal of Entrepreneurship Research, 2 (3), 89-111. (in Persian)
55. Bertella, G. (2017). From Sharecroppers to “Flying Farmers”: New Forms of Tourism Entrepreneurship in Rural Areas. E-Review of Tourism Research, 14(3), 133–148.
56. Bigdali, A., Einali, J., Rabet, A., & Abbasi, F. (2018). Evaluating the effects of second home tourism on the quality of life of permanent residents - Case study: Saeedabad rural district, Ejroud city. Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(1), 199-216. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_540512.html
57. Bohorquez, N. G., Stafford, L., Malatzky, C., McPhail, S. M., Selim, S. M., & Kularatna, S. (2023). Disability, equity, and measurements of livability: a scoping review. Disability and Health Journal, 4(8),1-14.
58. Cunha, C., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M.J. (2020). Entrepreneurs in rural tourism: Do lifestyle motivations contribute to management practices that enhance sustainable entrepreneurial. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, (44),215-226.
59. Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & GonzálezRodríguez, M. R. (2020). Transforming local knowledge into lifestyle entrepreneur’s innovativeness: Exploring the linear and quadratic relationships. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–17.
60. Dias, A., & Silva, G.M. (2021). Lifestyle Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Rural Areas: The Case of Tourism Entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Strategy, 31(4), 40–49.
61. Falter, M. (2023). The role of rural tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in rethinking current tourism development. Tourism Futures, 5,1-17.
62. Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 1–12.
63. Hosseini Kahnouj, S. R., & Sejasi Qaidari, H. (2014), Identifying key players in the rural tourism entrepreneurial ecosystem and strategic analysis of their behavior patterns using a futures research approach. Journal of Geography and Development, (75), 1-26. (in Persian)
64. Jaman. M. & Alam, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship as a Driving Force for Rural Tourism Development. Scientific & Engineering Research, 7(3), 254-263.
65. Jamini, D., Nazari, H., Saydaei, S. E., & Barki, H. (2013), Investigating the impact of tourism entrepreneurship indicators on sustainable rural development in nomadic territories of Iran, a case study of Ardal County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Nomadic Territory Planning Studies, 3 (2), 61-76. (in Persian)
66. Juanwen, Y., Quanxin, W., & Jinlong, L. (2012). Understanding indigenous knowledge in sustainable management of natural resources in China: Taking two villages from Guizhou Province as a case. Forest policy and economics, 22, 47-52. https://ir.nsfc.gov.cn/paperDownload/1000008127346.pdf
67. Kallmuenzer, A. & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
68. Kallmuenzer, A., & Peters, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Firm Size and Financial Performance: The Case of Rural Tourism Family Firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 43(1), 2–14.
69. Karimzadeh, H., Sejasi Qeidari, H., Bizari, K., & Naghizadeh, R. (2014). Qualitative-quantitative analysis of the relationship between effective regional advantages in rural tourism entrepreneurship and effective factors in rural tourism entrepreneurship. Journal of Geographical Studies of Arid Regions, 15 (56), 1-27. (in Persian)
70. Khorasani, M. A., Rezvani, M.R., Motiei Langroodi, S. H., & Rafiian, M. (2012). Measuring and evaluating the livability of peri-urban villages (case study: Varamin County). Rural Research, 3(4), 79-104 (in Persian).
71. Khoshnoud Bakhtiari, Y., Jahandar Malekabadi, N. (2018), The Importance of Promoting Entrepreneurship in the Sustainable Tourism Industry. Fourth International Conference on Research in Science and Technology, St. Petersburg, Russia, August 27. (in Persian)
72. Lebambo, M. (2019). The role of entrepreneurial policies in developing rural tourism entrepreneurship in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 8 (3), 1-21.
73. Litman, T. (2011). Sustainability and Livability: Summary of Definitions, Goals, Objectives and Performance Indicators.Victoria, Canada: Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
74. López, M., Cazorla, A., & Panta, M. P. (2019). Rural entrepreneurship strategies: Empirical experience in the northern sub-plateau of Spain. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11, 5, 1-13.
75. Lordkipanidze, M., Brezet, H., & Backman, M. (2023). The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development, Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 787–798.
76. Marcouiller, D. W. (2019). Cultural Tourism and Rural Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of a Scandinavian Literary Festival. Regional Science Policy and Practice, 11(3), 509– 524.
77. Martino, N., Girling, C., & Lu, Y. (2021). Urban form and livability: socioeconomic and built environment indicators. Buildings and cities, 2(1),1-18.
78. Moghimi, Seyyed Mohammad (2011) Entrepreneurship and Environmental Factors Affecting It, Journal of Management Culture, 2 (2), 112-77. (in Persian)
79. Momeni, Ahmad., Jahanshiri, M., & Azmi, A. (2019), Effects of good governance on the livability of peri-urban settlements in Adaran, Journal of Peri-urban Space Development, 2 (1), 193-205. (in Persian)
80. Mirfakhraldini, F. A., & Bahadori, S. R. (2014). Stakeholder Participation Model in Tourism Entrepreneurship Development in Yazd City, Journal of Spatial Geography and Tourism, 13 (50), 1-19. (in Persian)
81. Nemadzem Esmailpour, A., Shahvardi, H., Rumiani, A., & Chehrazi, E. (2018). Prioritizing rural areas based on rural livability indicators. Case study: Slum area, Khorramabad city. Human Settlement Planning Studies (Geographical Perspective). 13(4), 971-988. (in Persian) https://sid.ir/paper/176078/fa
82. Nazari Sarmazeh, H., & Saydaei, S.E. (2022). Analysis of the fundamental factors affecting the development of tourism entrepreneurship using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets, case study of Kohrang County. Journal of Geography and Planning, 25 (77), 261-276. (in Persian)
83. Nazari, H., & Saydaei, S. E. (2019). Analysis of the risks affecting the development of sustainable tourism entrepreneurship in Kohrang County using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy sets. Journal of Environmental Risks, (1), 97-111. (in Persian)
84. Murphy, B. (2010). Community well-being: An overview of the concept. NWMO. http://nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1681_researchsupportprogram_communitywellbeingoverview. Pdf
85. Olalekan, O.O. (2024). Rural Entrepreneurship in the Digital Age: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sustainable Rural Development (IJSRD), 1(1), 1-6.
86. Pan, Y., Zhang, S., & Zhang, M. (2024). The impact of entrepreneurship of farmers on agriculture and rural economic growth: Innovation-driven perspective. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 1-14.
87. Rafiei, S., Monshizadeh, R., & Meridsadat, P. (2012). Explaining the effect of social capital indicators of local residents on rural tourism entrepreneurship: a case study of Soltaniyeh-Katalekhor Cave tourism axis. Journal of Earth Science Research, 13 (51), 139-158. (in Persian)
88. Roknaddin Eftekhari, A., Lotfi Mehrouieh, H., Pourtaheri, M., & Talebi Fard, R. (2018). The role of rural housing retrofitting in the livability of villages (case study: Mehrouieh Rural District). Human Settlement Planning Studies, 13(3). 543-556. (in Persian) https://jshsp.rasht.iau.ir/article_545182.html
89. Roozbahani, A., Moradi, H., & Abbasi, H. (2013). Analysis of the Spatial Reconstruction Capability of Tourism Entrepreneurship in the Development of Rural Areas, Case Study of Saman District, Malayer County. Journal of Geography and Development, 70, 27-51. (in Persian)
90. Seal, M. (2018). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship as A Mechanism for Rural Devlopment: A Case Study on Anegundi, Karnataka. International Journal of Marketing & Financial Management, 4(5), 67-80.
91. Sejasi, Q., Sadeghloo, T., & Mahmoudi. (2019). Ranking of villages based on livability indicators: a case study of Nizamabad village, Azadshahr city. Journal of Human Geography Research, 51 (1), 129-144. (in Persian)
92. Tang, G.N., Ren, F., & Zhou, J. (2022). Does the digital economy promote “innovation and entrepreneurship” in rural tourism in China? Frontiers in Psychology, 13,1-13,
93. Utami, D.D., Dhewanto, W., & Lestari, Y.D. (2023). Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Literature Review on Resources and Challenges, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 12 (4), 1322-1344.
94. Yachin, J. M. & Ioannides, D. (2020). “Making Do” in Rural Tourism: The Resourcing Behaviour of Tourism Micro-firms. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1003– 1021.
95. Zahiri, M., Karimzadeh, H., & Hosseini, Sh. N. (2013). Designing a model of factors affecting the development of rural entrepreneurship with a meta-analytic approach. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 13 (50),123-150. (in Persian) http://serd.khu.ac.ir/articl1-4038-fa.html
96. Zhan, D., Kwan, M. P., Zhang, W., Fan, J., Yu, J., & Dang, Y. (2022). Assessment and determinants of satisfaction with urban livability in China. Cities.
97. Zeng, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Ch., & Yang, X. (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship in tourism: The interaction between tourism enterprise and community, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 60, 429-440.
98. Khalilzadeh, J., Kromidha, E., & Taheri, B. (2025). Anatomy of a CSR discourse system: Entrepreneurship and tourism domains, Tourism Management, 110, 1-16.
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